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The ultimate strength is the maximum stress that a material can withstand before it breaks or weakens. [12] For example, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of AISI 1018 Steel is 440 MPa. In Imperial units, the unit of stress is given as lbf/in 2 or pounds-force per square inch. This unit is often abbreviated as psi.
In engineering and materials science, a stress–strain curve for a material gives the relationship between stress and strain. It is obtained by gradually applying load to a test coupon and measuring the deformation , from which the stress and strain can be determined (see tensile testing ).
The flexural strength is stress at failure in bending. It is equal to or slightly larger than the failure stress in tension. Flexural strength, also known as modulus of rupture, or bend strength, or transverse rupture strength is a material property, defined as the stress in a material just before it yields in a flexure test. [1]
The ultimate tensile strength of a material is an intensive property; therefore its value does not depend on the size of the test specimen.However, depending on the material, it may be dependent on other factors, such as the preparation of the specimen, the presence or otherwise of surface defects, and the temperature of the test environment and material.
The force measurement is used to calculate the engineering stress, σ, using the following equation: [5] σ = F n A {\displaystyle \sigma ={\frac {F_{n}}{A}}} where F is the tensile force and A is the nominal cross-section of the specimen.
Strength depends upon material properties. The strength of a material depends on its capacity to withstand axial stress, shear stress, bending, and torsion.The strength of a material is measured in force per unit area (newtons per square millimetre or N/mm², or the equivalent megapascals or MPa in the SI system and often pounds per square inch psi in the United States Customary Units system).
Stress-strain curve: Plot the calculated stress versus the applied strain to create a stress-strain curve. The slope of the initial, linear portion of this curve gives Young's modulus. Mathematically, Young's modulus E is calculated using the formula E=σ/ϵ, where σ is the stress and ϵ is the strain. Shear modulus (G)
This type of stress may be called (simple) normal stress or uniaxial stress; specifically, (uniaxial, simple, etc.) tensile stress. [13] If the load is compression on the bar, rather than stretching it, the analysis is the same except that the force F and the stress change sign, and the stress is called compressive stress.