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Goose bumps, goosebumps or goose pimples [1] are the bumps on a person's skin at the base of body hairs which may involuntarily develop when a person is tickled, cold or experiencing strong emotions such as fear, euphoria or sexual arousal.
Arousal is the physiological and psychological state of being awoken or of sense organs stimulated to a point of perception. It involves activation of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) in the brain, which mediates wakefulness, the autonomic nervous system, and the endocrine system, leading to increased heart rate and blood pressure and a condition of sensory alertness, desire ...
Cell excitability is a property that is induced during early embriogenesis. [27] Excitability of a cell has also been defined as the ease with which a response may be triggered. [28] The resting and threshold potentials forms the basis of cell excitability and these processes are fundamental for the generation of graded and action potentials.
Nerve excitability examination complements conventional nerve conduction studies by allowing insight into biophysical characteristics of axons, as well as their ion-channel functioning. [10] The protocol is aimed at providing information about nodal as well as internodal ion channels, and the indices are extremely sensitive to axon membrane ...
Basic ways that neurons can interact with each other when converting input to output. Summation, which includes both spatial summation and temporal summation, is the process that determines whether or not an action potential will be generated by the combined effects of excitatory and inhibitory signals, both from multiple simultaneous inputs (spatial summation), and from repeated inputs ...
After nerve damage or repeated stimulation, WDR (wide dynamic range) neurons experience a general increase in excitability. [5] This hyper-excitability can be caused by an increased neuronal response to a noxious stimulus ( hyperalgesia ), a larger neuronal receptive field , or spread of the hyper-excitability to other segments. [ 5 ]
Within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, activated astrocytes have the ability to respond to almost all neurotransmitters [51] and, upon activation, release a multitude of neuroactive molecules such as glutamate, ATP, nitric oxide (NO), and prostaglandins (PG), which in turn influences neuronal excitability.
Anatomy is the study of the structure and organization of living organisms, from the microscopic level of cells and tissues to the macroscopic level of organs and systems. Anatomical knowledge is important in physiology because the structure and function of an organism are often dictated by one another.