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Thus, females are expected to be the more selective sex, and males are expected to be more competitive. However, unlike many species where males do not contribute to parenting at all, humans have highly dependent offspring, and a complex social structure that allows males to make significant and important investments in parenting effort.
Female eyes and the ventral eyes of males are very similar, however, suggesting that the male dorsal eyes serve some extra sex specific function. Research on visually guided behavior in flies suggests that male dorsal eyes may be specialized for the detection and capture of females, for which there is a great deal of competition among males.
Two 2015 reviews published in the journal Emotion review also found that adult women are more emotionally expressive, [17] [18] but that the size of this gender difference varies with the social and emotional context. Researchers distinguish three factors that predict the size of gender differences in emotional expressiveness: gender-specific ...
The pelvis is, in general, different between the human female and male skeleton. [12] [13] Although variations exist and there may be a degree of overlap between typically male or female traits, [12] [13] the pelvis is the most dimorphic bone of the human skeleton and is therefore likely to be accurate when using it to ascertain a person's sex ...
The results from research on sex differences in memory are mixed and inconsistent, as some studies show no difference, and others show a female or male advantage. [81] Females tend to perform better in episodic memory tasks and access their memories faster than males and use more emotional terms when describing memories.
Laqueur explains that Galen considered women's seed to be true semen of inferior quality to male semen because women have less internal heat than men and are thus are less “perfect”. [31] The same perfect vs. lesser relationship is present between male and female reproductive fluids as in Galen's model as male and female genitalia. [31]
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Skin color contrast is also an important indicator of female attractiveness. [29] Women tend to have darker eyes and lips than men, especially relative to the rest of their facial features, and this has been associated with increased female attractiveness and femininity, [29] yet it also decreases male attractiveness according to a 2009 study. [30]