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  2. Hadwiger–Nelson problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadwiger–Nelson_problem

    According to Jensen & Toft (1995), the problem was first formulated by Nelson in 1950, and first published by Gardner (1960). Hadwiger (1945) had earlier published a related result, showing that any cover of the plane by five congruent closed sets contains a unit distance in one of the sets, and he also mentioned the problem in a later paper (Hadwiger 1961).

  3. David Nelson (mathematician) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nelson_(mathematician)

    David Nelson (born 1938) (also known as R. D. Nelson) is an English mathematician. He is a Chartered Mathematician and a Fellow of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications. Nelson was educated at Calday Grange Grammar School, Cheshire, and won an open mathematical scholarship to Christ's College, Cambridge. [1] [2]

  4. Symbolab - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolab

    Symbolab is an answer engine [1] that provides step-by-step solutions to mathematical problems in a range of subjects. [2] It was originally developed by Israeli start-up company EqsQuest Ltd., under whom it was released for public use in 2011. In 2020, the company was acquired by American educational technology website Course Hero. [3] [4]

  5. List of unsolved problems in mathematics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems...

    Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer science, algebra, analysis, combinatorics, algebraic, differential, discrete and Euclidean geometries, graph theory, group theory, model theory, number theory, set theory, Ramsey theory, dynamical systems, and partial differential equations.

  6. Nonstandard analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonstandard_analysis

    Nelson introduced an entirely axiomatic formulation of nonstandard analysis that he called internal set theory (IST). [13] IST is an extension of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZF) in that alongside the basic binary membership relation ∈, it introduces a new unary predicate standard , which can be applied to elements of the mathematical ...

  7. Nelson rules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_rules

    Nelson rules are a method in process control of determining whether some measured variable is out of control (unpredictable versus consistent). Rules for detecting "out-of-control" or non-random conditions were first postulated by Walter A. Shewhart [ 1 ] in the 1920s.

  8. Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levenberg–Marquardt...

    The idea behind this strategy is to avoid moving downhill too fast in the beginning of optimization, therefore restricting the steps available in future iterations and therefore slowing down convergence. [7] An increase by a factor of 2 and a decrease by a factor of 3 has been shown to be effective in most cases, while for large problems more ...

  9. Internal set theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_set_theory

    Internal set theory (IST) is a mathematical theory of sets developed by Edward Nelson that provides an axiomatic basis for a portion of the nonstandard analysis introduced by Abraham Robinson. Instead of adding new elements to the real numbers , Nelson's approach modifies the axiomatic foundations through syntactic enrichment.