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Movement disorders are clinical syndromes with either an excess of movement or a paucity of voluntary and involuntary movements, unrelated to weakness or spasticity. [1] Movement disorders present with extrapyramidal symptoms and are caused by basal ganglia disease . [ 2 ]
Motor disorders are disorders of the nervous system that cause abnormal and involuntary movements. They can result from damage to the motor system. [1]Motor disorders are defined in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) – published in 2013 to replace the fourth text revision – as a new sub-category of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Studies on diseases that are similar in nature to PD have revealed insights into the causes of movement disorders. Hypnogenic paroxysmal dyskinesia is a form of epilepsy affecting the frontal lobe . Single genes have been identified on chromosomes 15, 20, and 21, which contribute to the pathology of these epilepsy disorders. [ 4 ]
Psychomotor agitation is typically found in various mental disorders, especially in psychotic and mood disorders. It can be a result of drug intoxication or withdrawal. It can also be caused by severe hyponatremia. People with existing psychiatric disorders and men under the age of 40 are at a higher risk of developing psychomotor agitation. [2]
Stereotypic movement disorder is often misdiagnosed as tics or Tourette syndrome (TS). [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Unlike the tics of TS, which tend to appear around age six or seven, repetitive movements typically start before age three, [ 1 ] [ 8 ] are more bilateral than tics, and consist of intense patterns of movement for longer runs than tics.
It can cause a visible slowing of physical and emotional reactions, including speech and affect. [ 1 ] Psychomotor retardation is most commonly seen in people with major depression and in the depressed phase of bipolar disorder ; [ 2 ] it is also associated with the adverse effects of certain drugs, such as benzodiazepines . [ 3 ]
Rhythmic movement disorder (RMD) is a neurological disorder characterized by repetitive movements of large muscle groups immediately before and during sleep often involving the head and neck. It was independently described first in 1905 by Zappert as jactatio capitis nocturna and by Cruchet as rhythmie du sommeil . [ 1 ]
PED differs from two closely related disorders, for example paroxysmal kinesogenic dyskinesia (PKD) and paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD), based on what brings on the symptoms, namely prolonged exercise, such as brisk walking or running for at least 10 minutes. This is in contrast to PKD where the symptoms are brought about by sudden ...