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In early medicine and anatomy, the location of the soul was hypothesized to be located within the body. Aristotle and Plato understood the soul as an incorporeal form but closely related to the physical world. The Hippocratic Corpus chronicles the evolution of thought that the soul is located within the body and is manifested in diseased ...
The pineal gland is located in the epithalamus, near the center of the brain, between the two hemispheres, tucked in a groove where the two halves of the thalamus join. [4] [5] It is one of the neuroendocrine secretory circumventricular organs in which capillaries are mostly permeable to solutes in the blood. [6]
It was generally believed that the soul must be present in the brain as a physical entity, the doctrine introduced by Augustine of Hippo in the 5th century. According to Augustine in De Trinitate (400–416), a human being is composed of a body and a soul, and the soul is present in every part of the body.
An opposing theory called "cephalocentrism", which proposed that the brain played the dominant role in controlling the body, was first introduced by Pythagoras in 550 BC, who argued that the soul resides in the brain and is immortal. [4] His statements were supported by Plato, Hippocrates, and Galen of Pergamon. Plato believed that the body is ...
It is located somewhere in the abdominal cavity, often in the liver or the heart (Proto-Austronesian *qaCay). [89] [90] The "free soul" is located in the head. Its names are usually derived from Proto-Austronesian *qaNiCu ("ghost", "spirit [of the dead]"), which also apply to other non-human nature spirits.
The Platonic soul consists of three parts, which are located in different regions of the body: [8] [9] The logos (λογιστικόν), or logistikon, located in the head, is related to reason and regulates the other parts. The thymos (θυμοειδές), or thumoeides, located near the chest region, is related to spirit.
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One brain imaging study suggests that the unpleasantness of subjectively perceived dyspnea is processed in the right human anterior insula and amygdala. [ 38 ] The cerebral cortex processing vestibular sensations extends into the insula, [ 39 ] with small lesions in the anterior insular cortex being able to cause loss of balance and vertigo .