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Childbirth in China is influenced by traditional Chinese medicine, state control of reproductive health and birthing, and the adoption of modern biomedical practices. There are an estimated 16 million births annually in mainland China. [1] As of 2022, Chinese state media reported the country's total fertility rate to be 1.09. [2]
China's legal definition of trafficking does not automatically regard children over the age of 14 who are subjected to the commercial sex trade as trafficking victims. [2] Chinese laws only recognize forms of coercion other than abduction, such as threats of physical harm or non-physical harm, as constituting a means of trafficking.
The List of countries by child labour rate provides rankings of countries based on their rates of child labour. Child labour is defined by the International Labour Organization (ILO) as participation in economic activity by underage persons aged 5 to 17. Child work harms children, interferes with their education, and prevents their development.
In 2014, the U.S. Department of Labor issued a List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor, where China was attributed 12 goods, the majority of which were produced by both underage children and indentured labourers. [56] The report listed electronics, garments, toys, and coal, among other goods.
Child labor is a social issue in China. [16] In October 2018, a study was conducted based on data from China Family Panel Studies. [17] The study found about 7.74% of children aged 10 to 15 worked in 2010, and a positive correlation between child labor and school dropout rates. [17]
The one-child policy had various exemptions, including twins, rural families who could have more children due to the necessities of farm work, and ethnic minorities. [20]: 58 The strict limitation of one child applied to approximately 35% of China's population. [22]: 63 The 1980 Marriage Law described birth planning as a national duty.
Women have been a major labor presence in China since the People's Republic was established. Some 40–45 percent of all women over age 15 are employed. China's estimated employed labor force in 2005 totaled 791.4 million persons, about 60% of the total population.
Imperial Japanese authorities and authorities in the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo used Chinese prisoners of war for forced labor. [48]: 30 The report of slavery in China to the Temporary Slavery Commission (TSC) of 1924-1926 described the Mui Tsai trade in girls, which was a matter given international attention at this point. [49]