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The discovery in 1987 that the SERMs tamoxifen and raloxifene, then thought to be antiestrogens because of antagonist effects in breast tissue, showed estrogenic effects in preventing bone loss in ovariectomized rats had a great effect on our understanding of the function of estrogen receptors and nuclear receptors in general. [7]
Tamoxifen, sold under the brand name Nolvadex among others, is a selective estrogen receptor modulator used to prevent breast cancer in women and men. [13] It is also being studied for other types of cancer. [13] It has been used for Albright syndrome. [14] Tamoxifen is typically taken daily by mouth for five years for breast cancer. [14]
In 1980, Jordan joined the University of Wisconsin–Madison where he started to look at the effects of tamoxifen and another SERM, raloxifene, on bone density and coronary systems. This was needed because of the concern that long term use of SERMs could lead to osteoporosis and heart disease. Jordan's research showed that post-menopausal women ...
Somewhat unexpectedly, it was also discovered that tamoxifen preserves bone density [15] by acting as an agonist in bone resorbing osteoclasts. [16] The clinical success of SERMs stimulated interest in analogous tissue selective drugs that target the AR. [7]
The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) is an ongoing study of over 27,000 women that began in 1991, with the most recent analyses suggesting that, when initiated within 10 years of menopause, HRT reduces all-cause mortality and risks of coronary disease, osteoporosis, and dementia; after 10 years the beneficial effects on mortality and coronary ...
Prescription topical DHEA can be used by menopausal women to treat thinning vaginal tissue. ... this research also found that DHEA may help preserve muscle mass and bone mineral density in women ...
In combination with progestins for endometriosis in women. Although initially used alone, progestins were added in the 1960s and 1970s. [11] In addition, the estrogen diethylstilbestrol is an example of medical reversal as it increases the risk of endometriosis in the treated women and in their female children. [12] [13] Osteopenia and ...
The side effects of toremifene are similar to those of tamoxifen. [5] The most common side effect is hot flashes. [5] Other side effects include sweating, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, vaginal discharge, and vaginal bleeding. [5] [7] In women with bone metastases, hypercalcemia may occur. [5] Toremifene has a small risk of thromboembolic events. [5]
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