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The original price for the 16 hp (12 kW) version was $70 lower (at US$228) than their single-cylinder cast-iron version bearing the same power rating. [ 18 ] Industrial/Commercial (I/C) – This series of engines, initially ranging from 3 to 20.5 hp (15.3 kW), was introduced in 1979 as Briggs & Stratton's answer to high quality commercial-duty ...
Bronze is commonly used, as are various iron alloys; a balance between stiffness and wear on the valve is essential to achieve a useful service life. The clearance between the inner diameter of the valve guide and the outer diameter of the poppet valve stem is critical for the proper performance of an engine.
For example, the Type A cut nails were sheared from an iron bar type guillotine using early machinery. This method was slightly altered until the 1820s when new heads on the nails' ends were pounded via a separate mechanical nail heading machine. In the 1810s, iron bars were flipped over after each stroke while the cutter set was at an angle.
Briggs engineers had worked out how to replace the standard heavy cast iron bathtub. They used their expertise in deep draw metal stamping and the machinery for making car fenders. The new bathtub was stackable and about one-quarter of the weight of the cast iron product. The Briggs family kept Beautyware and did not sell it to Chrysler in 1953.
A crossflow T-head sidevalve engine The usual L-head arrangement Pop-up pistons may be used to increase compression ratio Flathead with Ricardo's turbulent head. A flathead engine, also known as a sidevalve engine [1] [2] or valve-in-block engine, is an internal combustion engine with its poppet valves contained within the engine block, instead of in the cylinder head, as in an overhead valve ...
White cast iron is composed mostly of a microstructure called ledeburite mixed with pearlite. Ledeburite is very hard, making cast iron very brittle. If the white cast iron has a hypoeutectic composition, it is usually tempered to produce malleable or ductile cast iron. Two methods of tempering are used, called "white tempering" and "black ...
With iron nails [citation needed] —with the pointed nail ends protruding on the inside of the boat, bent over and back into the wood in the form of a hook. This technique, called clinching, used to be found in Scandinavian-built boats, but even iron nails on the lands were usually properly clenched over roves. Nails fastening timbers were ...
Treenails and iron nails were most common until the 1780s when copper nails over copper sheathing became more popular. [3] As late as the 1870s, merchant ships used treenails and iron bolts, while higher quality ships used copper and yellow metal bolts and dumps. In the 1870s, treenails were typically used in a ratio of four treenails to one ...