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  2. Infiltration (hydrology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)

    If the precipitation rate exceeds the infiltration rate, runoff will usually occur unless there is some physical barrier. Infiltrometers, parameters and rainfall simulators are all devices that can be used to measure infiltration rates. [2] Infiltration is caused by multiple factors including; gravity, capillary forces, adsorption, and osmosis.

  3. Groundwater recharge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater_recharge

    [19]: 1091 Some of this increase in irrigation can be due to water scarcity issues made worse by effects of climate change on the water cycle. Direct redistribution of water by human activities amounting to ~24,000 km 3 per year is about double the global groundwater recharge each year.

  4. Effects of climate change on the water cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change...

    The effects of climate change on the water cycle have important negative effects on the availability of freshwater resources, as well as other water reservoirs such as oceans, ice sheets, the atmosphere and soil moisture. The water cycle is essential to life on Earth and plays a large role in the global climate system and ocean circulation.

  5. Precipitation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation

    Precipitation is a major component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the planet. Approximately 505,000 cubic kilometres (121,000 cu mi) of water falls as precipitation each year: 398,000 cubic kilometres (95,000 cu mi) over oceans and 107,000 cubic kilometres (26,000 cu mi) over land. [4]

  6. Surface runoff - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoff

    When the soil is saturated and the depression storage filled, and rain continues to fall, the rainfall will immediately produce surface runoff. The level of antecedent soil moisture is one factor affecting the time until soil becomes saturated. This runoff is called saturation excess overland flow, [15] saturated overland flow, [16] or Dunne ...

  7. Earth rainfall climatology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_rainfall_climatology

    Precipitation is a major component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the planet. Approximately 486,000 cubic kilometres (117,000 cu mi) [ 2 ] of water falls as precipitation each year; 373,000 cubic kilometres (89,000 cu mi) of it over the oceans. [ 2 ]

  8. Spring (hydrology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)

    Factors that affect the recharge include the size of the area in which groundwater is captured, the amount of precipitation, the size of capture points, and the size of the spring outlet. Water may leak into the underground system from many sources including permeable earth, sinkholes, and losing streams.

  9. Soil erosion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_erosion

    Studies by Pruski and Nearing indicated that, other factors such as land use unconsidered, it is reasonable to expect approximately a 1.7% change in soil erosion for each 1% change in total precipitation under climate change. [72]