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Nine states in the United States have banned race-based affirmative action: California (1996), Washington (1998, rescinded 2022 [20]), Florida (1999), Michigan (2006), Nebraska (2008), Arizona (2010), New Hampshire (2012), Oklahoma (2012), and Idaho (2020). Florida's ban was via an executive order and New Hampshire and Idaho's bans were passed ...
Therefore, Proposition 209 banned the use of race- and gender-based affirmative action in California's public sector and public university admissions. [ 2 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The legislatively referred state constitutional amendment was originally introduced as California Assembly Constitutional Amendment No. 5 (ACA 5) by Democratic Assembly Members ...
Proposition 209 (also known as the California Civil Rights Initiative or CCRI) is a California ballot proposition which, upon approval in November 1996, amended the state constitution to prohibit state governmental institutions from considering race, sex, or ethnicity, specifically in the areas of public employment, public contracting, and ...
California's Proposition 209, an anti-affirmative action law, never did "level the playing field"; instead it reinforced historic patterns of discrimination.
More than two decades after affirmative action was banned in California, voters will decide whether to restore the practice with a ballot measure supporters say would bring greater access to ...
What we do know is that a study in the Journal of Public Economics found that past state-level bans of affirmative action affected enrollment of underrepresented communities negatively.
Banning affirmative action in the public sector (employment, education, etc.) Proposition 215 (1996) Passed: Legalizing medical marijuana under California law. Proposition 218 (1996) Passed: Right to vote on local taxes; assessment and property-related fee reforms; initiative power expansion in regard to local revenue reduction or repeal.
In 1996, California became the first state to outlaw affirmative action in public universities and state hiring. Proposition 209 prohibited state government institutions from considering race, sex, or ethnicity, specifically in the areas of public employment, public contracting, and public education.