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The brain is in the head, encircling and mainly above the esophagus. It consists of the fused ganglia of the acron and one or two of the foremost segments that form the head – a total of three pairs of ganglia in most arthropods, but only two in chelicerates, which do not have antennae or the ganglion connected to them.
The supraesophageal ganglion (also "supraoesophageal ganglion", "arthropod brain" or "microbrain" [1]) is the first part of the arthropod, especially insect, central nervous system. It receives and processes information from the first, second, and third metameres.
As part of the ventral nerve cord, it is connected (via pairs of connections) to the brain (or supraoesophageal ganglion) and to the first thoracic ganglion (or protothoracic ganglion). Its nerves innervate the sensory organs and muscles of the mouthparts and the salivary glands. Neurons in the suboesophageal ganglion control movement of the ...
Arthropod heads are typically fused capsules that bear a variety of complex structures such as the eyes, antennae and mouth parts. The challenge that the arthropod head problem has to address is to what extent the various structures of the arthropod head can be resolved into a set of hypothetical ancestral segments.
Mushroom bodies visible in a Drosophila brain as two stalks. From Jenett et al., 2006 [1] The mushroom bodies or corpora pedunculata are a pair of structures in the brain of arthropods, including insects and crustaceans, [2] and some annelids (notably the ragworm Platynereis dumerilii). [3] They are known to play a role in olfactory learning ...
The salivary glands (element 30 in numbered diagram) in an insect's mouth produce saliva. The salivary ducts lead from the glands to the reservoirs and then forward through the head to an opening called the salivarium, located behind the hypopharynx. By moving its mouthparts (element 32 in numbered diagram) the insect can mix its food with saliva.
A lobster is heavily cephalized, with eyes, antennae, multiple mouthparts, and the brain (inside the armoured exoskeleton), all concentrated at the animal's head end. Cephalization is an evolutionary trend in animals that, over many generations, the special sense organs and nerve ganglia become concentrated towards the front of the body where ...
The ventral nerve cord coordinates neural signaling from the brain to the body and vice versa, integrating sensory input and locomotor output. [1] Because arthropods have an open circulatory system , decapitated insects can still walk, groom, and mate — illustrating that the circuitry of the ventral nerve cord is sufficient to perform complex ...