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Coin flipping, coin tossing, or heads or tails is the practice of throwing a coin in the air and checking which side is showing when it lands, in order to randomly choose between two alternatives. It is a form of sortition which inherently has two possible outcomes.
The St. Petersburg paradox or St. Petersburg lottery [1] is a paradox involving the game of flipping a coin where the expected payoff of the lottery game is infinite but nevertheless seems to be worth only a very small amount to the participants. The St. Petersburg paradox is a situation where a naïve decision criterion that takes only the ...
The most recent team to win both the coin toss and the football game was the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLVIII. Of course, Seattle won the toss and deferred their choice to the second half.
In statistics, the question of checking whether a coin is fair is one whose importance lies, firstly, in providing a simple problem on which to illustrate basic ideas of statistical inference and, secondly, in providing a simple problem that can be used to compare various competing methods of statistical inference, including decision theory.
For the second week in a row, the Chiefs won the vitally important coin toss to begin overtime. The toss proved catastrophic for the Bills. But the Bengals overcame the odds.
If a cheat has altered a coin to prefer one side over another (a biased coin), the coin can still be used for fair results by changing the game slightly. John von Neumann gave the following procedure: [4] Toss the coin twice. If the results match, start over, forgetting both results. If the results differ, use the first result, forgetting the ...
Player A selects a sequence of heads and tails (of length 3 or larger), and shows this sequence to player B. Player B then selects another sequence of heads and tails of the same length. Subsequently, a fair coin is tossed until either player A's or player B's sequence appears as a consecutive subsequence of the coin toss outcomes. The player ...
If after tossing four heads in a row, the next coin toss also came up heads, it would complete a run of five successive heads. Since the probability of a run of five successive heads is 1 / 32 (one in thirty-two), a person might believe that the next flip would be more likely to come up tails rather than heads again. This is incorrect ...