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However, in Microsoft Excel, subroutines can write values or text found within the subroutine directly to the spreadsheet. The figure shows the Visual Basic code for a subroutine that reads each member of the named column variable x , calculates its square, and writes this value into the corresponding element of named column variable y .
This count, either as a ratio of the total or normalized by dividing by the expected count for a random source model, is known as the index of coincidence, or IC or IOC [2] or IoC [3] for short. Because letters in a natural language are not distributed evenly , the IC is higher for such texts than it would be for uniformly random text strings.
A typical distribution of letters in English language text. Weak ciphers do not sufficiently mask the distribution, and this might be exploited by a cryptanalyst to read the message. In cryptanalysis, frequency analysis (also known as counting letters) is the study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext.
Each entry in the table contains the frequency or count of the occurrences of values within a particular group or interval, and in this way, the table summarizes the distribution of values in the sample. This is an example of a univariate (=single variable) frequency table. The frequency of each response to a survey question is depicted.
By default, AOL Mail shows the count of unread emails in each folder. To view the total number of emails, hover your mouse over the folder for a few seconds. The exact email count will then be displayed.
The entropy of a message per bit multiplied by the length of that message is a measure of how much total information the message contains. Shannon's theorem also implies that no lossless compression scheme can shorten all messages. If some messages come out shorter, at least one must come out longer due to the pigeonhole principle. In practical ...
June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The intensity λ {\displaystyle \lambda } of a counting process is a measure of the rate of change of its predictable part. If a stochastic process { N ( t ) , t ≥ 0 } {\displaystyle \{N(t),t\geq 0\}} is a counting process, then it is a submartingale , and in particular its Doob-Meyer ...
The word count is the number of words in a document or passage of text. Word counting may be needed when a text is required to stay within certain numbers of words. This may particularly be the case in academia, legal proceedings, journalism and advertising. Word count is commonly used by translators to
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