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The third gives symbols listed elsewhere in the table that are similar to it in meaning or appearance, or that may be confused with it; The fourth (if present) links to the related article(s) or adds a clarification note.
The following is the chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association. It is not a complete list of all possible speech sounds in the world's languages, only those about which stand-alone articles exist in this encyclopedia.
The letters chosen for the IPA are meant to harmonize with the Latin alphabet. [note 7] For this reason, most letters are either Latin or Greek, or modifications thereof. Some letters are neither: for example, the letter denoting the glottal stop, ʔ , originally had the form of a question mark with the dot removed.
A numeric character reference refers to a character by its Universal Character Set/Unicode code point, and a character entity reference refers to a character by a predefined name. A numeric character reference uses the format &#nnnn; or &#xhhhh; where nnnn is the code point in decimal form, and hhhh is the code point in hexadecimal form.
The non-IPA letters found in the extIPA are listed in the following table. VoQS letters may also be used, as in ↀ͡r̪͆ for a buccal interdental trill (a raspberry), as VoQS started off as a subset of extIPA. [3] Several letters and superscript forms were added to Unicode 14 and 15. They are included in the free Gentium Plus and Andika fonts.
The Unicode Consortium and the ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 jointly collaborate on the list of the characters in the Universal Coded Character Set.The Universal Coded Character Set, most commonly called the Universal Character Set (abbr. UCS, official designation: ISO/IEC 10646), is an international standard to map characters, discrete symbols used in natural language, mathematics, music, and other ...
The characters in the "Spacing Modifier Letters" block are intended as forming a unity with the preceding letter (which they "modify"). E.g. the character U+02B0 ʰ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL H isn't intended simply as a superscript h (h), but as the mark of aspiration placed after the letter being aspirated, as in pʰ "aspirated voiceless bilabial ...
Character combination tz (also common in Basque, however) and l·l; Syllables and words ending in -aig, -eig, -oig, -uig, -aix, -eix, -oix, -uix; Letter sequences: tx (also common in Basque, however) and tg; Letter y is only used in the combination ny and loanwords; Letters k and w are rare and only used in loanwords (e.g. walkman)