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The rationale behind the establishment of European Works Councils is related to the economic and political integration of the European Union. As companies became more transnational, the local information and consultation bodies (such as works councils) lacked a direct link to the level on which the real decisions are taken. As EWCs bring ...
The election procedure was simplified, an "equality quota" (minimum seats for the gender in the minority, see electoral regulations Works Constitution Act § 15 WO) was introduced, the separation between blue-collar and white-collar workers was abolished, the exemption thresholds for works council members were lowered and the works council's ...
The Council of Europe (CoE) is not related to the European Union (EU). For the two EU institutions that go by similar names, see the Council of the European Union (known as "the Council") and the European Council. The Council of Europe (French: Conseil de l'Europe) is the oldest international organisation working towards European integration ...
Article 207(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) states: [5] "The common commercial policy shall be based on uniform principles, particularly with regard to changes in tariff rates, the conclusion of tariff and trade agreements relating to trade in goods and services, and the commercial aspects of intellectual property, foreign direct investment, the achievement of ...
The basis of European procurement regulation lies in the provisions of the European Union treaties which prohibit barriers to intra-Union trade, provide the freedom to provide services and the right to establishment (three of the "Four Freedoms"), prohibit discrimination on the basis of national origin and regulate public undertakings and public monopolies. [3]
The impetus for the work on the PECL were resolutions of the European Parliament of 26 May 1989 "on action to bring into line the private law of the Member States", [2] and 25 July 1994, [3] which expressed the desire to establish a common European civil law. As an initial foundation, a common contract law was to be first created.
The European Court of Justice has considered the legitimate expectation doctrine in cases where violation of the general principle of legal certainty was alleged in numerous cases involving agricultural policy and European Council regulations, with the leading case being Mulder v Minister van Landbouw en Visserij [1988] ECR 2321 Case 120/86. [17]
§77 of the Works Constitution Act specifies that works agreements cannot deal with matters, primarily dealt through collective bargaining, i.e., wage increases.Section §87(1) outlines 14 different areas of enforceable co-determination, insofar as they are not already regulated in existing collective agreements specific to that company and industry, unless such collective agreements ...