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Some antidepressants, including commonly prescribed ones from the class known as SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), can cause sexual side effects such as erectile dysfunction ...
SNRIs are delivered orally, usually in the form of capsules or tablets. It is recommended to take SNRIs in the morning with breakfast, which does not affect drug levels, but may help with certain side effects. [48] Norepinephrine has activating effects in the body and therefore can cause insomnia in some patients if taken at bedtime. [49]
The first commercially available selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (sNRI) was reboxetine (Edronax) and was developed as a first-line therapy for major depressive disorder. [29] The selectivity of reboxetine for the norepinephrine transporter (NET) results in benign side effect profile because the drug is well tolerated. [11]
Venlafaxine, sold under the brand name Effexor among others, is an antidepressant medication of the serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) class. [6] [9] It is used to treat major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder. [9]
This side effect has been particularly associated with serotonergic antidepressants like SSRIs and SNRIs, but may be less with atypical antidepressants like bupropion, agomelatine, and vortioxetine. [ 83 ] [ 85 ] [ 86 ] Higher doses of antidepressants seem to be more likely to produce emotional blunting than lower doses. [ 83 ]
For example, cocaine, which non-selectively inhibits the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, is an SRI but not an SSRI. SRIs are used predominantly as antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs, SNRIs, and TCAs), though they are also commonly used in the treatment of other psychological conditions such as anxiety disorders and eating disorders.
Many of these symptoms may be side effects of the drug or drug interaction causing excessive levels of serotonin rather than an effect of elevated serotonin itself. Tremor is a common side effect of MDMA's action on dopamine, whereas hyperreflexia is symptomatic of exposure to serotonin agonists.
Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs) are a class of psychiatric drugs used primarily as antidepressants. [1] They act by antagonizing the α 2 -adrenergic receptor and certain serotonin receptors such as 5-HT 2A and 5-HT 2C , [ 1 ] but also 5-HT 3 , [ 1 ] 5-HT 6 , and/or 5-HT 7 in some cases.