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  2. Rutherford model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_model

    The Rutherford model is a name for the first model of an atom with a compact nucleus. The concept arose from Ernest Rutherford discovery of the nucleus. Rutherford directed the Geiger–Marsden experiment in 1909, which showed much more alpha particle recoil than J. J. Thomson 's plum pudding model of the atom could explain.

  3. Bohr model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model

    Bohr model in 1921 [4] after Sommerfeld expansion of 1913 model showing maximum electrons per shell with shells labeled in X-ray notation. Until the second decade of the 20th century, atomic models were generally speculative. Even the concept of atoms, let alone atoms with internal structure, faced opposition from some scientists. [5]: 2

  4. History of atomic theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_atomic_theory

    The current theoretical model of the atom involves a dense nucleus surrounded by a probabilistic "cloud" of electrons. Atomic theory is the scientific theory that matter is composed of particles called atoms.

  5. Atom - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom

    Atoms are the basic particles of the chemical elements. An atom consists of a nucleus of protons and generally neutrons, ... The Bohr model of the atom, with an ...

  6. Atomic physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_physics

    Atomic physics primarily considers atoms in isolation. Atomic models will consist of a single nucleus that may be surrounded by one or more bound electrons. It is not concerned with the formation of molecules (although much of the physics is identical), nor does it examine atoms in a solid state as condensed matter.

  7. Plum pudding model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum_pudding_model

    An atom with seven electrons arranged in a pentagonal dipyramid, as imagined by Thomson in 1905. The plum pudding model is an obsolete scientific model of the atom.It was first proposed by J. J. Thomson in 1904 following his discovery of the electron in 1897, and was rendered obsolete by Ernest Rutherford's discovery of the atomic nucleus in 1911.

  8. Molecular model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_model

    A Nicholson model, showing a short part of protein backbone (white) with side chains (grey). Note the snipped stubs representing hydrogen atoms. A good example of composite models is the Nicholson approach, widely used from the late 1970s for building models of biological macromolecules.

  9. Nuclear shell model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_shell_model

    A model derived from the nuclear shell model is the alpha particle model developed by Henry Margenau, Edward Teller, J. K. Pering, T. H. Skyrme, also sometimes called the Skyrme model. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Note, however, that the Skyrme model is usually taken to be a model of the nucleon itself, as a "cloud" of mesons (pions), rather than as a model of ...

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