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Kissing circles. Given three mutually tangent circles (black), there are, in general, two possible answers (red) as to what radius a fourth tangent circle can have. In geometry, Descartes' theorem states that for every four kissing, or mutually tangent, circles, the radii of the circles satisfy a certain quadratic equation. By solving this ...
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Tangent lines to circles; Circle packing theorem, the result that every planar graph may be realized by a system of tangent circles; Hexafoil, the shape formed by a ring of six tangent circles; Feuerbach's theorem on the tangency of the nine-point circle of a triangle with its incircle and excircles; Descartes' theorem; Ford circle; Bankoff circle
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The size of each new circle is determined by Descartes' theorem, which states that, for any four mutually tangent circles, the radii of the circles obeys the equation (+ + +) = (+ + +). This equation may have a solution with a negative radius; this means that one of the circles (the one with negative radius) surrounds the other three.
A special case of Descartes' theorem on the sphere has three circles of radius 60° (''k'' = 1/√3, in blue) for which both circles touching all three (in green) have radius 30° (''k'' = √3). Items portrayed in this file
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René Descartes gave a formula relating the radii of the solution circles and the given circles, now known as Descartes' theorem. Solving Apollonius' problem iteratively in this case leads to the Apollonian gasket , which is one of the earliest fractals to be described in print, and is important in number theory via Ford circles and the Hardy ...
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