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The International Non-Profit Credit Rating Agency (INCRA for short) was a project to reform the assessment of states' creditworthiness. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It was intended to serve as a non-profit alternative to the commercially oriented rating agencies .
Psychology Today is an American media organization with a focus on psychology and human behavior. The publication began as a bimonthly magazine, which first appeared in 1967. The print magazine's reported circulation is 275,000 as of 2023. [ 2 ]
Mercantile credit agencies—the precursors of today's rating agencies—were established in the wake of the financial crisis of 1837. These agencies rated the ability of merchants to pay their debts and consolidated these ratings in published guides. [8] The first such agency was established in 1841 by Lewis Tappan in New York City.
In psychology, agency signifies the concept of a person's ability to initiate and control their actions, and the feeling they have of being in charge of their actions. The topic of agency can be divided into two topical domains. The first half of the topic of agency deals with the behavioral sense, or outward expressive evidence thereof.
Charity assessment is the process of analysis of the goodness of a non-profit organization in financial terms. [1] Historically, charity evaluators have focused on the question of how much of contributed funds are used for the purpose(s) claimed by the charity, while more recently some evaluators have placed an emphasis on the cost effectiveness (or impact) of charities.
The ratings agencies were heavily involved in the markets that enabled the subprime credit bubble of 2000-2008 and the subsequent financial crisis.In 1984 the federal government of the United States passed the Secondary Mortgage Market Enhancement Act (SMMEA) to improve the marketability of private-label (non-agency) mortgage-backed securities, [7] which declared NRSRO AA-rated mortgage-backed ...
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In the wake of the financial crisis, the Financial Crisis Inquiry Report [6] called out the "failures" of the Big Three rating agencies as "essential cogs in the wheel of financial destruction". According to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, [7] The three credit rating agencies were key enablers of the financial meltdown.