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Since her parents were members of the Moscow intelligentsia, their children's education was a high priority. [2] As a result, she studied under private tutors. [1] While her family did not fully understand her interest in science, they did not discourage her, and she would read professional literature and conduct simple experiments at home. [2]
The intelligentsia is a status class composed of the university-educated people of a society who engage in the complex mental labours by which they critique, shape, and lead in the politics, policies, and culture of their society; [1] as such, the intelligentsia consists of scholars, academics, teachers, journalists, and literary writers.
The Intelligenzaktion (German pronunciation: [ɪntɛliˈɡɛnt͡s.akˌt͡sjoːn]), or the Intelligentsia mass shootings [citation needed], was a series of mass murders which was committed against the Polish intelligentsia (teachers, priests, physicians, and other prominent members of Polish society) early in the Second World War (1939–45) by Nazi Germany.
Many people were killed – after a death sentence – by having their hands and feet chopped off, and only then their heads. According to eyewitness Tadeusz Piotrowski about the fate of his friend's family: [151] First, they raped his wife. Then, they proceeded to execute her by tying her up to a nearby tree and cutting off her breasts.
The Ilustrados (Spanish: [ilusˈtɾaðos], "erudite", [1] "learned" [2] or "enlightened ones" [3]) constituted the Filipino intelligentsia (educated class) during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century. [4] [5] Elsewhere in New Spain (of which the Philippines were part), the term gente de razón carried a similar meaning.
Free-floating intellectuals or free-floating intelligentsia (German: Freischwebende Intelligenz) is a term from the sociology of knowledge that was used by the sociologist and philosopher Karl Mannheim in 1929, but was originally coined by the sociologist Alfred Weber. [1]
The Jews were rounded up into Ghettos or sent to extermination camps while the ethnic Polish intelligentsia, priests and politicians were targeted for elimination (Intelligenzaktion, AB-Aktion). Forced labor was also employed as a technique of elimination. The Red Army invaded Poland from the East on 17 September 1939. [6]
Wacław Szybalski was born in September 1921 in Lwów, Poland, [2] into a Polish intelligentsia family. His father Stefan was an engineer, and his mother, Michalina née Rakowska, was a Doctor of Chemistry.