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The Kansas City preventive patrol experiment was a landmark experiment carried out between 1972 and 1973 by the Kansas City Police Department of Kansas City, Missouri and the Police Foundation, an independent nonprofit research organization [1] today known as the National Policing Institute. [2]
Another study conducted by the Los Angeles Police Department in 2010, found its accuracy to be twice that of its current practices. [1] In Santa Cruz, California, the implementation of predictive policing over a six-month period resulted in a 19 percent drop in the number of burglaries. [1]
Private police officers are generally required to be licensed the same as a regular police officer and have the same powers as a regular law enforcement officer (even if sometimes limited to the properties they are assigned to protect). A specific type of private police is company police, such as railroad police.
One study focused on 32 school-based police programs and found that police in schools weren't shown to diminish school violence, crime or the presence of weapons or drugs.
A 2009 study theorized that police officers could use their power to enforce their masculinity. [41] Because most police officers and detainees are men, officers are susceptible to the culture of honor stance and hypermasculinity, in which they are more prone to physical aggression in order to protect their social standing. [41]
In the United States, certification and licensure requirements for law enforcement officers vary significantly from state to state. [1] [2] Policing in the United States is highly fragmented, [1] and there are no national minimum standards for licensing police officers in the U.S. [3] Researchers say police are given far more training on use of firearms than on de-escalating provocative ...
According to a report published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, American Indian men are up to 1.7 times more likely to be killed by police ...
This permitted police action has subsequently been referred to in short as a "stop and frisk", "stop, question, and frisk," or simply a "Terry stop." The Terry standard was later extended to temporary detentions of persons in vehicles, known as traffic stops ; see Terry stop for a summary of subsequent jurisprudence.