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Gb3 is, for unknown reasons, present in greater amounts in renal epithelial tissues, to which the renal toxicity of Shiga toxin may be attributed. Gb3 is also found in central nervous system neurons and endothelium, which may lead to neurotoxicity. [26] Stx-2 is also known to increase the expression of its receptor GB3 and cause neuronal ...
Antibiotics that interfere with DNA synthesis, such as fluoroquinolones, have been shown to induce the Stx-bearing bacteriophage and cause increased production of toxins. [9] Attempts to block toxin production with antibacterials which target the ribosomal protein synthesis are conceptually more attractive.
Neosaxitoxin (NSTX) is included, as other saxitoxin-analogs, in a broad group of natural neurotoxic alkaloids, commonly known as the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs).The parent compound of PSTs, saxitoxin (STX), is a tricyclic perhydropurine alkaloid, which can be substituted at various positions, leading to more than 30 naturally occurring STX analogues.
Syntaxin-2, also known as epimorphin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STX2 gene. [5] [6] [7] The product of this gene belongs to the syntaxin/epimorphin family of proteins. The syntaxins are a large protein family implicated in the targeting and fusion of intracellular transport vesicles.
Saxitoxin (STX) is a potent neurotoxin and the best-known paralytic shellfish toxin. Ingestion of saxitoxin by humans, usually by consumption of shellfish contaminated by toxic algal blooms , is responsible for the illness known as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP).
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a condition caused by bacterial toxins. [1] Symptoms may include fever, rash, skin peeling, and low blood pressure. [1] There may also be symptoms related to the specific underlying infection such as mastitis, osteomyelitis, necrotising fasciitis, or pneumonia.
As part of the group of saxitoxins, the gonyautoxins have their structure based on the 2,6-diamino-4-methyl-pyrollo[1,2-c]-purin-10-ol skeleton (also known as the Saxitoxin-gonyautoxin skeleton). [2] The different molecules only differ from each other by their substituents, some of them only by a mere stereoisomerism such as GTX-2 and GTX-3.
Ribbon diagram of cholera toxin. From Ribbon diagram of pertussis toxin. S1 is the A subunit, and S2-S5 make up the B subunit. [3] Ribbon diagram of shiga toxin (Stx) from Shigella dysenteriae, showing the characteristic AB5 structure.