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  2. Alkaline copper quaternary - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_copper_quaternary

    Wood products treated with ACQ preservative were commercially produced in Canada for the first time in 2004. [ 4 ] [ 1 ] ACQ became a widely used wood preservative after concerns were raised about possible environmental contamination by chromium and arsenic from wood treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA), through contact (especially in ...

  3. Railroad tie - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_tie

    A railroad tie, crosstie (American English), railway tie (Canadian English) or railway sleeper (Australian and British English) is a rectangular support for the rails in railroad tracks. Generally laid perpendicular to the rails, ties transfer loads to the track ballast and subgrade , hold the rails upright and keep them spaced to the correct ...

  4. Wood preservation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_preservation

    The physical properties of any material are determined by its chemical structure. Wood contains an abundance of chemical groups called free hydroxyls. Free hydroxyl groups readily absorb and release water according to changes in the climatic conditions to which they are exposed. This is the main reason why wood's dimensional stability is ...

  5. Robert Bunning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bunning

    Robert Bunning (13 December 1859 – 12 August 1936) was an English-born Western Australian businessman involved in the construction, timber, and sawmill industries. He co-founded with his younger brother Arthur (1863–1929) the company Bunning Bros, the predecessor to the modern-day retailer Bunnings.

  6. Victorian Railways sleeping cars - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Railways...

    Like the other E cars, the sleepers initially had a strong Edwardian style, with features including carved panelling, pressed metal ceilings, frosted glass, and ornately decorated lamp pendants. A row of bevelled mirrors, with an engraved starburst pattern, was installed on the outside of the cars, above the windows on either side.

  7. Rail fastening system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_fastening_system

    Fang bolts or rail anchor bolts have also been used for fixing rails or chairs to sleepers. The fang bolt is a bolt inserted through a hole in the sleeper with a fanged nut that bites into the lower surface of the sleeper. For fastening flat-bottomed rails, an upper-lipped washer can be used to grip the edge of the rail.

  8. British Rail Mark 1 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Mark_1

    Mark 1 Brake Suburban E43190 at the Buckinghamshire Railway Centre This type was shorter than standard and has no corridor. British Rail Mark 1 is the family designation for the first standardised designs of railway carriages built by British Railways (BR) from 1951 until 1974, now used only for charter services on the main lines or on preserved railways.

  9. Chromated copper arsenate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromated_copper_arsenate

    Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) is a wood preservative containing compounds of chromium, copper, and arsenic, in various proportions.It is used to impregnate timber and other wood products, especially those intended for outdoor use, in order to protect them from attack by microbes and insects.