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A biblical canon is a set of texts (also called "books") which a particular Jewish or Christian religious community regards as part of the Bible.. The English word canon comes from the Greek κανών kanōn, meaning 'rule' or 'measuring stick'.
The word apocrypha means 'things put away' or 'things hidden', originating from the Medieval Latin adjective apocryphus, 'secret' or 'non-canonical', which in turn originated from the Greek adjective ἀπόκρυφος (apokryphos), 'obscure', from the verb ἀποκρύπτειν (apokryptein), 'to hide away'. [4]
Some religious texts are categorized as canonical, some non-canonical, and others extracanonical, semi-canonical, deutero-canonical, pre-canonical or post-canonical. [7] The term "canon" is derived from the Greek word "κανών", "a cane used as a measuring instrument". It connotes the sense of "measure, standard, norm, rule".
The Vulgate manuscripts included prologues, [20] in which Jerome clearly identified certain books of the older Old Latin Old Testament version as apocryphal – or non-canonical – even though they might be read as scripture. In the prologue to the books of Samuel and Kings, which is often called the Prologus Galeatus, he says: [21]
Canonical ensemble, in statistical mechanics, is a statistical ensemble representing a probability distribution of microscopic states of the system; Canonical quantum gravity, an attempt to quantize the canonical formulation of general relativity; Canonical stress–energy tensor, a conserved current associated with translations through space ...
The non-canonical books referenced in the Bible includes non-Biblical cultures and lost works of known or unknown status. By the "Bible" is meant those books recognized by Christians and Jews as being part of Old Testament (or Tanakh) as well as those recognized by most Christians as being part of the Biblical apocrypha or of the Deuterocanon.
Most of the protocanonical books were broadly accepted among early Christians. However, some were omitted by a few of the earliest canons, The Marcionites, an early Christian sect that was dominant in some parts of the Roman Empire, [7] recognised a reduced canon excluding the entire Hebrew Bible in favor of a modified version of Luke and ten of the Pauline epistles.
The deuterocanonical books, [a] meaning 'of, pertaining to, or constituting a second canon', [1] collectively known as the Deuterocanon (DC), [2] are certain books and passages considered to be canonical books of the Old Testament by the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Church, and the Church of the East.