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Subgroup analysis refers to repeating the analysis of a study within subgroups of subjects defined by a subgrouping variable. For example: smoking status defining two subgroups: smokers and non-smokers).
The false positive rate (FPR) is the proportion of all negatives that still yield positive test outcomes, i.e., the conditional probability of a positive test result given an event that was not present.
In statistics, an effect size is a value measuring the strength of the relationship between two variables in a population, or a sample-based estimate of that quantity. It can refer to the value of a statistic calculated from a sample of data, the value of one parameter for a hypothetical population, or to the equation that operationalizes how statistics or parameters lead to the effect size ...
The Oxford English Dictionary defines subculture, in regards to sociological and cultural anthropology, as "an identifiable subgroup within a society or group of people, esp. one characterized by beliefs or interests at variance with those of the larger group; the distinctive ideas, practices, or way of life of such a subgroup."
More simply, as explained by Thompson and Hickey (2005), such groups are ones "that people refer to when evaluating their [own] qualities, circumstances, attitudes, values and behaviors." [9] Reference groups are used in order to evaluate and determine the nature of a given individual or other group's characteristics and sociological attributes.
Graphic breakdown of stratified random sampling. In statistics, stratified randomization is a method of sampling which first stratifies the whole study population into subgroups with same attributes or characteristics, known as strata, then followed by simple random sampling from the stratified groups, where each element within the same subgroup are selected unbiasedly during any stage of the ...
One of the most consistent findings of research in small groups is that the opinions of group members become even more similar over time, a process known as "choice shift". [ 26 ] [a] Muzafer Sherif described the research findings on small groups as "One of the most consistent findings of research on small groups is the tendency of group ...
According to French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, the food consumed by the upper classes reflect "tastes of refinement", [7] and its perceived value in society. [7] Historically, these were highly exclusive food items, [6] which were marked by high demand and low supply. [4] [5] [8] [9]