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In telecommunications, the free-space path loss (FSPL) (also known as free-space loss, FSL) is the attenuation of radio energy between the feedpoints of two antennas that results from the combination of the receiving antenna's capture area plus the obstacle-free, line-of-sight (LoS) path through free space (usually air). [1]
Path loss, or path attenuation, is the reduction in power density (attenuation) of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates through space. [1] Path loss is a major component in the analysis and design of the link budget of a telecommunication system. This term is commonly used in wireless communications and signal propagation.
A link budget is an accounting of all of the power gains and losses that a communication signal experiences in a telecommunication system; from a transmitter, through a communication medium such as radio waves, cable, waveguide, or optical fiber, to the receiver.
The ITU indoor propagation model, also known as ITU model for indoor attenuation, is a radio propagation model that estimates the path loss inside a room or a closed area inside a building delimited by walls of any form. Suitable for appliances designed for indoor use, this model approximates the total path loss an indoor link may experience.
From the figure the received line of sight component may be written as = {() /}and the ground reflected component may be written as = {() (+ ′) / + ′}where () is the transmitted signal, is the length of the direct line-of-sight (LOS) ray, + ′ is the length of the ground-reflected ray, is the combined antenna gain along the LOS path, is the combined antenna gain along the ground-reflected ...
The transmitter power that would have to be applied to the isotropic antenna to radiate this much power is the EIRP. Effective radiated power (ERP), synonymous with equivalent radiated power, is an IEEE standardized definition of directional radio frequency (RF) power, such as that emitted by a radio transmitter.
The log-distance path loss model is a radio propagation model that predicts the path loss a signal encounters inside a building or densely populated areas over long distance. While the log-distance model is suitable for longer distances, the short-distance path loss model is often used for indoor environments or very short outdoor distances.
Friis' original idea behind his transmission formula was to dispense with the usage of directivity or gain when describing antenna performance. In their place is the descriptor of antenna capture area as one of two important parts of the transmission formula that characterizes the behavior of a free-space radio circuit.