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The Hillman Coal and Coke Company was a bituminous coal mining company based in Pittsburgh, PA. [1]The company was formed by John Hartwell Hillman Sr. [2] He established the Hillman Coal and Coke Company, and J. H. Hillman & Sons, which was eventually run by his three sons. [3]
Columbia-Southern Chemical Corporation was a subsidiary of Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It produced heavy industrial chemicals for industry and agriculture, including: [ 3 ] anhydrous ammonia , caustic soda , chlorine , titanium tetrachloride , and soda ash .
Koppers is a global chemical and materials company based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. Its headquarters is an art-deco 1920s skyscraper, the Koppers Tower . Structure
Diamond Alkali Company was an American chemical company incorporated in 1910 in West Virginia by a group of glass industry businessmen from Pittsburgh. The company soon established a large chemical plant at Fairport Harbor, Ohio, which would operate for over sixty years. In 1947, the headquarters of the company was moved from Pittsburgh to ...
The calorie is defined as the amount of thermal energy necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1 Celsius degree, from a temperature of 14.5 °C, at a pressure of 1 atm. For thermochemistry a calorie of 4.184 J is used, but other calories have also been defined, such as the International Steam Table calorie of 4.1868 J .
The relative activity of a species i, denoted a i, is defined [4] [5] as: = where μ i is the (molar) chemical potential of the species i under the conditions of interest, μ o i is the (molar) chemical potential of that species under some defined set of standard conditions, R is the gas constant, T is the thermodynamic temperature and e is the exponential constant.
the small calorie (gram-calorie, cal) is 4.184 J exactly. It was originally defined so that the specific heat capacity of liquid water would be 1 cal/(°C⋅g). The grand calorie (kilocalorie, kilogram-calorie, food calorie, kcal, Cal) is 1000 small calories, 4184 J exactly. It was defined so that the specific heat capacity of water would be 1 ...
High-pressure chemistry is concerned with those chemical processes that are carried out under high pressure – pressures in the thousands of bars (100 kPa) or higher.High-pressure processes are generally faster and have a higher conversion efficiency than processes at ambient pressure.