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Surface modification is the act of modifying the surface of a material by bringing physical, chemical or biological characteristics different from the ones originally found on the surface of a material. [1] This modification is usually made to solid materials, but it is possible to find examples of the modification to the surface of specific ...
Plasma activation (or plasma functionalization) is a method of surface modification employing plasma processing, which improves surface adhesion properties of many materials including metals, glass, ceramics, a broad range of polymers and textiles and even natural materials such as wood and seeds. Plasma functionalization also refers to the ...
A chemically modified electrode is an electrical conductor that has its surface modified for different electrochemical functions. Chemically modified electrodes are made using advanced approaches to electrode systems by adding a thin film or layer of certain chemicals to change properties of the conductor according to its targeted function.
During atomic layer deposition, a film is grown on a substrate by exposing its surface to alternate gaseous species (typically referred to as precursors or reactants). In contrast to chemical vapor deposition, the precursors are never present simultaneously in the reactor, but they are inserted as a series of sequential, non-overlapping pulses.
Induction heating is a non contact heating process which uses the principle of electromagnetic induction to produce heat inside the surface layer of a work-piece. By placing a conductive material into a strong alternating magnetic field, electric current can be made to flow in the material thereby creating heat due to the I 2 R losses in the material.
The cationic metal centres act as Lewis acid sites while the anionic oxygen centres act as Lewis bases. Surface hydroxyl groups can serve as Brønsted acid or base sites as they can give up or accept a proton. [14] The surface of most metal oxides will be, to some extent, hydroxylated under normal conditions when water vapor is present. [15]
The surface energy of a liquid may be measured by stretching a liquid membrane (which increases the surface area and hence the surface energy). In that case, in order to increase the surface area of a mass of liquid by an amount, δA, a quantity of work, γ δA, is needed (where γ is the surface energy density of the liquid).
Surface engineering is the sub-discipline of materials science which deals with the surface of solid matter. It has applications to chemistry , mechanical engineering , and electrical engineering (particularly in relation to semiconductor manufacturing ).