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In fire protection engineering, the K-factor formula is used to calculate the volumetric flow rate from a nozzle. Spray nozzles can for example be fire sprinklers or water mist nozzles, hose reel nozzles, water monitors and deluge fire system nozzles.
Hydraulic calculations indicate that the combination of the two primary components of a water based fire protection system will meet the design objectives to control, suppress, or extinguish a fire: The available water supply is sufficient in flowrate and pressure.
A process to perform a water flow test is explained in the model fire codes as published by NFPA (National Fire Protection Association). If a water supply source is considered weak compared to what is required by the sprinkler system design hydraulic calculation , the water pressure can be boosted by means of a fire pump .
K-factor (fire protection), formula used to calculate the discharge rate from a fire system nozzle; K-factor (metalurgy), formulae used to calculate the bending capacity of sheet metal; K factor (traffic engineering), the proportion of annual average daily traffic occurring in an hour
The Hazen–Williams equation is an empirical relationship that relates the flow of water in a pipe with the physical properties of the pipe and the pressure drop caused by friction. It is used in the design of water pipe systems [1] such as fire sprinkler systems, [2] water supply networks, and irrigation systems.
In a nozzle or other constriction, the discharge coefficient (also known as coefficient of discharge or efflux coefficient) is the ratio of the actual discharge to the ideal discharge, [1] i.e., the ratio of the mass flow rate at the discharge end of the nozzle to that of an ideal nozzle which expands an identical working fluid from the same initial conditions to the same exit pressures.
The area required to calculate the volumetric flow rate is real or imaginary, flat or curved, either as a cross-sectional area or a surface. The vector area is a combination of the magnitude of the area through which the volume passes through, A , and a unit vector normal to the area, n ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {n} }}} .
The draft (draught in British English) flow rate induced by the stack effect can be calculated with the equation presented below. [12] [13] The equation applies only to buildings where air is both inside and outside the buildings. For buildings with one or two floors, h is the height of the building and A is the flow area