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Hacienda Lealtad is a working coffee hacienda which used slave labor in the 19th century, located in Lares, Puerto Rico. [1]A hacienda (UK: / ˌ h æ s i ˈ ɛ n d ə / HASS-ee-EN-də or US: / ˌ h ɑː s i ˈ ɛ n d ə / HAH-see-EN-də; Spanish: or ) is an estate (or finca), similar to a Roman latifundium, in Spain and the former Spanish Empire.
Frances Gies (June 10, 1915 – December 18, 2013) and Joseph Gies (October 8, 1916 – April 13, 2006) were American historians and writers who collaborated on a number of books about the Middle Ages, and also wrote individual works. They were husband and wife. Joseph Gies graduated from the University of Michigan in 1939. [1]
Mexico gained its independence from Spain, and from 1821 to 1846 California (called Alta California by 1824) was under Mexican rule. The Mexican National Congress passed the Colonization Act of 1824 in which large sections of unoccupied land were granted to individuals, and in 1833 the government secularized missions and consequently many civil authorities at the time confiscated the land from ...
Frances Munoz (1972): [41] [42] First Latino American female judge in California (1978) Abby Soven: [43] First openly lesbian judge in California (1978) Joan Dempsey Klein (1955): [44] First female presiding justice of the Second District Court of Appeal (1978) Patricia A. Yim Cowett (1972): [45] First Chinese American female judge in ...
The court held that The California Fair Employment and Housing Act in 12945(b)(2), which requires employers to provide leave and reinstatement to employees disabled by pregnancy, is consistent with federal law. [citation needed] In 1976, the Rotary Club of Duarte in Duarte, California, admitted three women as members. After the club refused to ...
Nancy Gooch was one of the first African American women to become wealthy in California. Gooch and her husband got to Coloma, California, in 1849, and by 1850 began working at the gold-mining location. While doing domestic chores for the miners, the couple earned enough money to buy 80 acres of land in 1858, a year after they were wed. [3]
Rape and other forms of violence was however a concern. Spanish Soldiers and settlers of a patriarchal colonial society put native woman in a vulnerable state. [5] Author, Charles Francis Saunders has documented the details of a California Mission wedding ceremony from the 1890s in his book, "Capistrano Nights – Tales of a California Mission ...
The law also removed the requirements that a woman had to obey her husband and abolished requirements for a wife to obtain her husband's permission to engage in legal actions. [75]: 250 [76] Sweden: Women gained nationality in their own right equally with men, when the law making husbands guardians over their wives was abolished.