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In control theory, overshoot refers to an output exceeding its final, steady-state value. [2] For a step input, the percentage overshoot (PO) is the maximum value minus the step value divided by the step value. In the case of the unit step, the overshoot is just the maximum value of the step
In control theory, overshoot refers to an output exceeding its final, steady-state value. [13] For a step input, the percentage overshoot (PO) is the maximum value minus the step value divided by the step value. In the case of the unit step, the overshoot is just the maximum value of the step response minus one.
Tay, Mareels and Moore (1998) defined settling time as "the time required for the response curve to reach and stay within a range of certain percentage (usually 5% or 2%) of the final value." [ 2 ] Mathematical detail
How overshoot may be controlled by appropriate parameter choices is discussed next. Using the equations above, the amount of overshoot can be found by differentiating the step response and finding its maximum value. The result for maximum step response S max is: [3]
Consider a system composed by n cascaded non interacting blocks, each having a rise time t r i, i = 1,…,n, and no overshoot in their step response: suppose also that the input signal of the first block has a rise time whose value is t r S. [22] Afterwards, its output signal has a rise time t r 0 equal to
In number theory, the local zeta function Z(V, s) (sometimes called the congruent zeta function or the Hasse–Weil zeta function) is defined as (,) = (= ())where V is a non-singular n-dimensional projective algebraic variety over the field F q with q elements and N k is the number of points of V defined over the finite field extension F q k of F q.
This definition of dimension could be put on a strong mathematical foundation, similar to the definition of Hausdorff dimension for continuous systems. The mathematically robust definition uses the concept of a zeta function for a graph. The complex network zeta function and the graph surface function were introduced to characterize large graphs.
The equation relates values of the Riemann zeta function at the points s and 1 − s, in particular relating even positive integers with odd negative integers. Owing to the zeros of the sine function, the functional equation implies that ζ ( s ) has a simple zero at each even negative integer s = −2 n , known as the trivial zeros of ζ ( s ) .