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While some complications improve or are fully resolved after pregnancy, some may lead to lasting effects, morbidity, or in the most severe cases, maternal or fetal mortality. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Common complications of pregnancy include anemia, gestational diabetes, infections, gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia.
Smoking during pregnancy is dangerous to the unborn baby and may cause pre-term birth, birth defects such as cleft lip or cleft palate, or miscarriage. [93] [80] Tobacco is the most commonly used substance among pregnant women, at 25%. [87] [94] Nicotine crosses the placenta and accumulates within fetal tissues.
[1] [14] Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are one of the most common causes of death in pregnancy. [14] They resulted in 46,900 deaths in 2015. [6] Maternal mortality due to eclampsia occurs at a rate of approximately 0–1.8% of cases in high-income countries and up to 15% of cases in low- to middle- income countries. [15]
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A high-risk pregnancy is a pregnancy where the mother or the fetus has an increased risk of adverse outcomes compared to uncomplicated pregnancies. No concrete guidelines currently exist for distinguishing “high-risk” pregnancies from “low-risk” pregnancies; however, there are certain studied conditions that have been shown to put the mother or fetus at a higher risk of poor outcomes. [1]
The team has found that certain men, dubbed "dangerous males", are several times more likely to father pregnancies that would end in either pre-eclampsia or miscarriage. [78] Among other things, most of the "dangerous males" seemed to lack sufficient levels of the seminal immune factors necessary to induce immunological tolerance in their partners.
After preterm labor, hyperemesis gravidarum is the second most common reason for hospital admission during the first half of pregnancy. [16] Factors such as infection with Helicobacter pylori , a rise in thyroid hormone production, low age, low body mass index prior to pregnancy, multiple pregnancies, molar pregnancies , and a history of ...
Stages in prenatal development, with weeks and months numbered from last menstruation. In humans, the usual definition of preterm birth is birth before a gestational age of 37 complete weeks. [94] In the normal human fetus, several organ systems mature between 34 and 37 weeks, and the fetus reaches adequate maturity by the end of this period.