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The Hague Rules of 1924 effectively codified, albeit in a diluted form, the English common law rules to protect the cargo owner against exploitation by the carrier. Nearly 50 years later, the Hague-Visby "update" made few changes, so that the newer Rules still applied only to "tackle to tackle" carriage (i.e. carriage by sea) and the container ...
The Hague–Visby Rules were incorporated into English law by the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971; and English lawyers should note the provisions of the statute as well as the text of the rules. For instance, although Article I(c) of the Rules exempts live animals and deck cargo, section 1(7) restores those items into the category of "goods".
The Hague Rules form the basis of national legislation in almost all of the world's major trading nations, and cover nearly all the present international shipping. The Hague Rules have been updated by two protocols, but neither addressed the basic liability provisions, which remain unchanged.
There are some clauses under the sales form protecting the interest of the buyer of the ship. For example, clause 9 of Sale Form 1993 has provided some limited protection for the buyer. Under clause 9, the seller warrants that the vessel is free from all charters, encumbrances, mortgages maritime liens, or any other debts whatsoever at the time ...
Tax dumping: some tax haven states have lower corporate and personal tax rates. [ citation needed ] Social dumping : when a state reduces social contributions or maintains very low social standards (for example, in China, labour regulations are less restrictive for employers than elsewhere).
For instance, in the United States, a federal tax lien, which is a non-maritime lien, is subordinate to every lien for supplies, fuel, repairs, etc., which are all maritime liens. Normally, a maritime lien relates to the different marine transactions in the admiralty jurisdiction and creates the maritime claims.
Download as PDF; Printable version; In other projects ... Pages in category "Taxing and Spending Clause case law" The following 12 pages are in this category, out of ...
A customs duty or due is the indirect tax levied on the import or export of goods in international trade. In economics a duty is also a kind of consumption tax . A duty levied on goods being imported is referred to as an 'import duty', and one levied on exports an 'export duty'.