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Dysphoria (from Ancient Greek δύσφορος (dúsphoros) 'grievous'; from δυσ-(dus-) 'bad, difficult' and φέρω (phérō) 'to bear') is a profound state of unease or dissatisfaction. It is the semantic opposite of euphoria. In a psychiatric context, dysphoria may accompany depression, anxiety, or agitation. [1]
The American Psychiatric Association stated that gender nonconformity is not the same thing as gender dysphoria, [10] and that "gender nonconformity is not in itself a mental disorder. The critical element of gender dysphoria is the presence of clinically significant distress associated with the condition."
Some mental health professionals use the manual to determine and help communicate a patient's diagnosis after an evaluation. Hospitals, clinics, and insurance companies in the United States may require a DSM diagnosis for all patients with mental disorders. Health-care researchers use the DSM to categorize patients for research purposes.
The diagnosis Gender dysphoria in children is defined in the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), and Gender incongruence of childhood is defined in the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases but considered a physical rather than psychiatric condition.
Dual diagnosis (also called co-occurring disorders (COD) or dual pathology) [1] [2] is the condition of having a mental illness and a comorbid substance use disorder.There is considerable debate surrounding the appropriateness of using a single category for a heterogeneous group of individuals with complex needs and a varied range of problems.
Cognitive mood repair strategies are primarily concerned with the ability of recognizing emotional upset and taking one of three courses of action. An individual can choose to evaluate the feelings of dysphoria and better understand the source of the negative mood to give the individual a sense of control of his or her mood. [5]
Furthermore, when accessing mental health services, some trans adults experienced being accused of having mental illness for being transgender and therefore led to avoidance of this services [95] which is unfortunate because studies have shown evidence that transgender individuals have higher prevalence of mental health disorders. [96]
Less extreme forms of DDM, for instance apathy or anhedonia, can be a symptom of psychiatric disorders and related conditions, like depression, schizophrenia, or drug withdrawal. [ 4 ] [ 3 ] [ 1 ] [ 5 ] More extreme forms of DDM, for instance severe apathy, abulia, or akinetic mutism, can be a result of traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke , or ...