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Integer addition, for example, can be performed as a single machine instruction, and some offer specific instructions to process sequences of characters with a single instruction. [7] But the choice of primitive data type may affect performance, for example it is faster using SIMD operations and data types to operate on an array of floats.
A compare-and-swap operation is an atomic version of the following pseudocode, where * denotes access through a pointer: [1]. function cas(p: pointer to int, old: int, new: int) is if *p ≠ old return false *p ← new return true
The modified V and P operations are as follows, using square brackets to indicate atomic operations, i.e., operations that appear indivisible to other processes: function V(semaphore S, integer I): [S ← S + I] function P(semaphore S, integer I): repeat: [if S ≥ I: S ← S − I break]
All basic types are atomic. [7] For example, integers are a basic type defined in mathematics, while an array of integers is the result of applying an array type generator to the integer type. The terminology varies - in the literature, primitive, built-in, basic, atomic, and fundamental may be used interchangeably. [8]
Go was designed at Google in 2007 to improve programming productivity in an era of multicore, networked machines and large codebases. [23] The designers wanted to address criticisms of other languages in use at Google, but keep their useful characteristics: [24]
The ::= rule defines a new algebraic data type, a data type with only data constructors.; The <~ rule defines an interface type - it indicates what properties are characteristic of a person and also gives type constraints on these properties.
Computer Go is the field of artificial intelligence (AI) dedicated to creating a computer program that plays the traditional board game Go.The field is sharply divided into two eras.
The following C code examples illustrate two threads that share a global integer i. The first thread uses busy-waiting to check for a change in the value of i : #include <pthread.h> #include <stdatomic.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> /* i is global, so it is visible to all functions.