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There are a variety of disabilities affecting cognitive ability.This is a broad concept encompassing various intellectual or cognitive deficits, including intellectual disability (formerly called mental retardation), deficits too mild to properly qualify as intellectual disability, various specific conditions (such as specific learning disability), and problems acquired later in life through ...
Inclusion has different historical roots/background which may be integration of students with severe disabilities in the US (who may previously been excluded from schools or even lived in institutions) [7] [8] [9] or an inclusion model from Canada and the US (e.g., Syracuse University, New York) which is very popular with inclusion teachers who believe in participatory learning, cooperative ...
Models of disability are analytic tools in disability studies used to articulate different ways disability is conceptualized by individuals and society broadly. [1] [2] Disability models are useful for understanding disagreements over disability policy, [2] teaching people about ableism, [3] providing disability-responsive health care, [3] and articulating the life experiences of disabled people.
There are various concerns regarding the identification of students in special education. The over-identification of students refers to the concern that students of color, particularly African American students, are placed in special education at a higher rate than their white student peers, which can lead to potential stigmatization and negative impacts on their educational experiences. [1]
The CESSM de-emphasised manual arithmetic in favor of students developing their own conceptual thinking and problem solving. The PSSM presents a more balanced view, but still has the same emphases. Mathematics instruction in this style has been labeled standards-based mathematics [ 1 ] or reform mathematics .
Disability studies in education (DSE) is a field of academic study concerned with education research and practice related to disability.DSE scholars promote an understanding of disability from a social model of disability perspective to "challenge social, medical, and psychological models of disability as they relate to education". [1]
It seeks to redefine disability to refer to the restrictions caused by society when it does not give equitable social and structural support according to disabled peoples' structural needs. [4] As a simple example, if a person is unable to climb stairs, the medical model focuses on making the individual physically able to climb stairs.
Special education in the United States enables students with exceptional learning needs to access resources through special education programs. "The idea of excluding students with any disability from public school education can be traced back to 1893, when the Massachusetts Supreme Court expelled a student merely due to poor academic ability". [1]