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Developments in water production technology (salt water evaporators or reverse-osmosis systems) have led to livestock carriers with equipment capable of producing up to 600 tonnes (600,000 litres) of fresh water per day. Sheep and cattle also require fodder amounting to at least 2% of their body weight per day.
Most water in Earth's atmosphere and crust comes from saline seawater, while fresh water accounts for nearly 1% of the total. The vast bulk of the water on Earth is saline or salt water, with an average salinity of 35‰ (or 3.5%, roughly equivalent to 34 grams of salts in 1 kg of seawater), though this varies slightly according to the amount of runoff received from surrounding land.
Estimated water requirements for various foods [53] Foodstuff Litres per kilocalorie gram of protein kg of foodstuff gram of fat Sugar crops 0.69 N/A 197 N/A Vegetables 1.34 26 322 154 Starchy roots 0.47 31 387 226 Fruits 2.09 180 962 348 Cereals 0.51 21 1644 112 Oil crops 0.81 16 2364 11 Pulses 1.19 19 4055 180 Nuts 3.63 139 9063 47 Milk 1.82 ...
It uses between 20 and 33% of the world's fresh water, [81] Livestock, and the production of feed for them, occupy about a third of the Earth's ice-free land. [82] Livestock production contributes to species extinction, desertification, [83] and habitat destruction. [84] and is the primary driver of the Holocene extinction.
A sample of seawater from most locations with a chlorinity of 19.37 ppt will have a Knudsen salinity of 35.00 ppt, a PSS-78 practical salinity of about 35.0, and a TEOS-10 absolute salinity of about 35.2 g/kg. The electrical conductivity of this water at a temperature of 15 °C is 42.9 mS/cm. [6] [12]
A mineral lick (also known as a salt lick) is a place where animals can go to lick essential mineral nutrients from a deposit of salts and other minerals. Mineral licks can be naturally occurring or artificial (such as blocks of salt that farmers place in pastures for livestock to lick).
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Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, detected by osmoreceptors, to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it maintains the fluid balance and the concentration of electrolytes (salts in solution which in this case is represented by body fluid) to keep the body fluids from becoming too diluted or concentrated.