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Earth radius (denoted as R 🜨 or R E) is the distance from the center of Earth to a point on or near its surface. Approximating the figure of Earth by an Earth spheroid (an oblate ellipsoid), the radius ranges from a maximum (equatorial radius, denoted a) of nearly 6,378 km (3,963 mi) to a minimum (polar radius, denoted b) of nearly 6,357 km (3,950 mi).
The Earth's radius is the distance from Earth's center to its surface, about 6,371 km (3,959 mi). While "radius" normally is a characteristic of perfect spheres, the Earth deviates from spherical by only a third of a percent, sufficiently close to treat it as a sphere in many contexts and justifying the term "the radius of the Earth".
The rounding of the Earth's radius to metres in GRS80 has an effect of 0.0001 m. The shape of the Earth is a slightly flattened sphere, which results in the Earth's circumference being 0.168% larger when measured around the equator as compared to through the poles.
Radius of the Sun (695 500 km, 432 450 mi, a hundred times the radius of Earth or ten times the average radius of Jupiter) — Light-minute: 0.12 — Distance light travels in one minute — Mercury: 0.39 — Average distance from the Sun — Venus: 0.72 — Average distance from the Sun — Earth: 1.00 —
The MERU, or Milli Earth Rate Unit, is an angular velocity equal to 1/1000 of Earth's rotation rate. It was introduced by MIT's Instrumentation Laboratories (now Draper Labs) to measure the performance of inertial navigation systems. [79] One MERU = 7.292 115 × 10 ^ −8 radians per second [80] or about 0.2625 milliradians/hour.
Earth's rotation period relative to the fixed stars, called its stellar day by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), is 86,164.0989 seconds of mean solar time , or 23 h 56 m 4.0989 s. [2] [n 10] Earth's rotation period relative to the precessing or moving mean March equinox (when the Sun is at 90° on the ...
Distance from the Earth to the Sun: â„“: Radius of the Moon: s: Radius of the Sun: t: Radius of the Earth: D: Distance from the center of Earth to the vertex of Earth's shadow cone d: Radius of the Earth's shadow at the location of the Moon n: Ratio, d/â„“ (a directly observable quantity during a lunar eclipse) x: Ratio, S/L = s/â„“ (which is ...
The symbol M ☉ is often used to refer to this unit. The solar mass (M ☉), 1.988 92 × 10 30 kg, is a standard way to express mass in astronomy, used to describe the masses of other stars and galaxies. It is equal to the mass of the Sun, about 333 000 times the mass of the Earth or 1 048 times the mass of Jupiter.