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The following is a list of women who have been elected or appointed head of state or government of their respective countries since the interwar period (1918–1939). The first list includes female presidents who are heads of state and may also be heads of government, as well as female heads of government who are not concurrently head of state, such as prime ministers.
Category listing female national presidents in Europe. In the border regions of the continent there may be instances of transcontinental countries. Subcategories
This is a list of current heads of state and heads of government. In some cases, mainly in presidential systems , one leader is head of state and head of government . In other cases, mainly in semi-presidential and parliamentary systems , the head of state and the head of government are different people.
It includes Women presidents that can also be found in the parent category, or in diffusing subcategories of the parent. This category lists the first women presidents of their respective countries. Equivalent positions of non-royal heads of state are also included (for example, chairperson).
The Council of Women World Leaders, created in 1996, is a network of 83 current and former presidents and prime ministers. It is the only organization in the world dedicated to women heads of state and government. The council's Ministerial Initiative also involves current and former cabinet ministers and secretaries in the work of the council.
The general status of women in a country does not predict if a woman will reach an executive position since, paradoxically, female executives have routinely ascended to power in countries where women's social standing lags behind men's. [17] Women have long struggled in more developed countries to become president or prime minister.
Presidents of Germany; List of German presidents since 1919; List of German monarchs. List of state leaders in the 19th century (1851–1900) List of state leaders in the 20th century (1901–1950) List of German monarchs in 1918
Germany was ruled by monarchs from the beginning of division of the Frankish Empire in August 843 to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in August 1806. [1] [2] [3] During most of 19th century, independent German principalities were organized into various confederations, such as the Confederation of the Rhine dominated by Napoleon (1806-1913) and the German Confederation created by the ...