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Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements , chiefly hydrogen , sulfur , oxygen , and nitrogen . [ 1 ]
The Allegheny Group, often termed the Allegheny Formation, [2] is a Pennsylvanian-age geological unit in the Appalachian Plateau. It is a major coal -bearing unit in the eastern United States , extending through western and central Pennsylvania , western Maryland and West Virginia , and southeastern Ohio .
The underlying erosion surface is considered the top of the Conemaugh Group, formerly known as the Lower barren measures because this formation contains few coal seams. The Monongahela is composed mainly of sandstone, limestone, dolomite, and coal, [ 14 ] and consists of a series of up to ten cyclothems .
The Group comprises a lower unit of coarse sandstones, siltstones, mudstone, and limestones with thin coals and ironstones known as the Lower Limestone Formation, an overlying sequence of similar rocks known as the Limestone Coal Formation, then an Upper Limestone Formation and at its top the sandstones of the Passage Formation.
The Monongahela Formation is a geologic formation in West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Maryland.It is dated to the Carboniferous period.The top of the group is marked by the Waynesburg Coal (No. 11 Coal) and its base is marked by the Pittsburgh coal seam (No. 8 Coal).
Bituminous coal (Pikeville Formation, Middle Pennsylvanian, Kentucky, USA) Bituminous coal is a particular rank of coal, as determined by the amount and type of carbon present in the coal and the amount of energy it can produce when burned. [2] It is higher in rank than sub-bituminous coal but lower in rank than anthracite. [3]
The Menefee Formation consists of fluvial sandstone, shale, and coal.Based on ammonite biostratigraphy, the age of the Menefee Formation can be constrained to 84.2-79 million years (), based on the presence of Baculites perplexus in the overlying Cliff House Sandstone, and ammonites from the late Santonian in the underlying Point Lookout Sandstone.
There are 45 coal groups located in the formation. Coal Group 45 lies at the base of the Joggins Formation, and though the section assigned to this group stretches 3.1 m (10 ft 2 in) from start to finish, only 7.6 cm (3.0 in) of this actually represents basal coal.