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The Persians (/ ˈ p ɜːr ʒ ən z / PUR-zhənz or / ˈ p ɜːr ʃ ən z / PUR-shənz) are a Western Iranian ethnic group who comprise the majority of the population of Iran. [4] They share a common cultural system and are native speakers of the Persian language [6] [7] [8] as well as of the languages that are closely related to Persian.
The history of Iran (or Persia, as it was known in the Western world) is intertwined with Greater Iran, a sociocultural region spanning from Anatolia to the Indus River and from the Caucasus to the Persian Gulf. Central to this area is modern-day Iran, which covers the bulk of the Iranian plateau.
This First Persian Empire was equally notable for its successful model of a centralised, bureaucratic administration (through satraps under a king) and a government working to the profit of its subjects, for building infrastructure such as a postal system and road systems and the use of an official language across its territories and a large ...
Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) Facing the possibility of a Russian conquest of Tehran and with Tabriz already occupied, Persia signed the Treaty of Turkmenchay; decisive and final cession of the last Caucasian territories of Iran comprising modern-day Armenia, the remainder of the Azerbaijan Republic that was still in Iranian hands, and Igdir ...
The history of Iran's culture is marked by the influence of ancient civilizations such as the Elamites and Persians, as well as the Achaemenid and Sassanian empires. [10]The Arab conquest in the 7th century introduced Islamic traditions, which merged with pre-Islamic customs.
The Muslim conquest of Persia began when the armies of the Rashidun Caliphate attacked parts of Sasanian Asoristan in 633. [114] In 637/638, the Sasanians lost Mesopotamia [98] and Persia itself was conquered in 640 [98] –650. [115] By the time of Yazdegerd III's death in 651, the Sasanians only retained Bactria. [98]
The Persians overran Syria and captured Antioch in 611. In 613, outside Antioch, the Persian generals Shahrbaraz and Shahin decisively defeated a major counter-attack led in person by the Byzantine emperor Heraclius. Thereafter, the Persian advance continued unchecked. Jerusalem fell in 614, Alexandria in 619, and the rest of Egypt by 621.
The Persian Empire, about 500 BC; Persis is the central southern province with the red outline. Its main cities are Persepolis and Pasargadae . Persis ( Ancient Greek : Περσίς , romanized: Persís; Old Persian : 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 , romanized: Parsa ), [ 1 ] also called Persia proper , is a historic region in southwestern Iran , roughly ...