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In mathematics, a power series (in one variable) is an infinite series of the form = = + + + … where represents the coefficient of the nth term and c is a constant called the center of the series. Power series are useful in mathematical analysis , where they arise as Taylor series of infinitely differentiable functions .
A formal power series can be loosely thought of as an object that is like a polynomial, but with infinitely many terms.Alternatively, for those familiar with power series (or Taylor series), one may think of a formal power series as a power series in which we ignore questions of convergence by not assuming that the variable X denotes any numerical value (not even an unknown value).
The six most common definitions of the exponential function = for real values are as follows.. Product limit. Define by the limit: = (+).; Power series. Define e x as the value of the infinite series = =! = + +! +! +! + (Here n! denotes the factorial of n.
The exponential function (in blue), and the sum of the first n + 1 terms of its power series (in red) where ! is the factorial of n (the product of the n first positive integers). This series is absolutely convergent for every per the ratio test. So, the derivative of the sum can be computed by term-by-term derivation, and this shows that the ...
Faà di Bruno's formula gives coefficients of the composition of two formal power series in terms of the coefficients of those two series. Equivalently, it is a formula for the nth derivative of a composite function. Lagrange reversion theorem for another theorem sometimes called the inversion theorem; Formal power series#The Lagrange inversion ...
In combinatorial mathematics, the exponential formula (called the polymer expansion in physics) states that the exponential generating function for structures on finite sets is the exponential of the exponential generating function for connected structures. The exponential formula is a power series version of a special case of Faà di Bruno's ...
The notion of normal distribution, being one of the most important distributions in probability theory, has been extended far beyond the standard framework of the univariate (that is one-dimensional) case (Case 1). All these extensions are also called normal or Gaussian laws, so a certain ambiguity in names exists.
For each such , there is a local coordinate of at (which is a smooth point) such that the coordinates and can be expressed as formal power series of , say = + (since is algebraically closed, we can assume the valuation coefficient to be 1) and = +: then there is a unique Puiseux series of the form = / + (a power series in /), such that ...