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Measurement of thyroid stimulating hormone and anti-thyroid antibodies will help decide if there is a functional thyroid disease such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis present, a known cause of a benign nodular goitre. [4] Fine needle biopsy for cytopathology is also used. [5] [6] [7] Thyroid nodules are extremely common in young adults and children.
A 19-year-old male patient known to have multi-nodular goiter and FNA, showing underlying Hashimoto's thyroiditis. a, b Sagittal and transverse greyscale and colour Doppler ultrasound of the neck demonstrate a hypoechoic enlarged right thyroid lobe with small hyperechoic regenerative nodules and marked hypervascularity (white arrows). c, d ...
Colloid nodules may be initially identified as an unspecified kind of thyroid nodule. Follow-up examinations typically include an ultrasound if it is unclear whether or not there really is a nodule present. Once the presence of a nodule has been confirmed, the determination of the kind of thyroid nodule is done by fine needle aspiration biopsy. [7]
Thyroid neoplasm is a neoplasm or tumor of the thyroid. It can be a benign tumor such as thyroid adenoma , [ 1 ] or it can be a malignant neoplasm ( thyroid cancer ), such as papillary , follicular , medullary or anaplastic thyroid cancer . [ 2 ]
A cold nodule is a thyroid nodule that does not produce thyroid hormone. [1] On a radioactive iodine uptake test a cold nodule takes up less radioactive material than the surrounding thyroid tissue. [1] A cold nodule may be malignant or benign. [1] On scintigraphy cold nodules do not show but are easily shown on ultrasound. [2]
The thyroid ultrasound is also very effective to discover microcarcinomas, which refer to very small carcinomas (<1 cm). Papillary thyroid carcinomas are also discovered when a hard nodule is found in multinodular goiter, when enlarged cervical lymph nodes are detected, or when there are unidentified metastatic lesions elsewhere in the body. [5]
Ultrasound has a sensitivity of 64-77% and a specificity of 82-90% for the detection of thyroid cancer. [10] Measurement of thyroid stimulating hormone , free and/or total triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels, and antithyroid antibodies will help decide if a functional thyroid disease such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis is present, a ...
Zuckerkandl's tubercle is a pyramidal extension of the thyroid gland, present at the most posterior side of each lobe. [1] [2] Emil Zuckerkandl described it in 1902 as the processus posterior glandulae thyreoideae. [3] Although the structure is named after Zuckerkandl, it was discovered first by Otto Madelung in 1867 as the posterior horn of ...