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In the US, about 750 compounds have been listed as additives for hydraulic fracturing, also known as ingredients of pressurized fracking fluid, [9] in an industry report to the US Congress in 2011 [10] [11] The following is a partial list of the chemical constituents in additives that are used or may have been used in fracturing operations. [12]
Hydraulic fracturing [a] is a well stimulation technique involving the fracturing of formations in bedrock by a pressurized liquid. The process involves the high-pressure injection of "fracking fluid" (primarily water, containing sand or other proppants suspended with the aid of thickening agents) into a wellbore to create cracks in the deep rock formations through which natural gas, petroleum ...
Hydraulic fracturing is the propagation of fractures in a rock layer by pressurized fluid. Induced hydraulic fracturing or hydrofracking, commonly known as fracking, is a technique used to release petroleum, natural gas (including shale gas, tight gas and coal seam gas), or other substances for extraction, particularly from unconventional reservoirs. [1]
In the United States, hydraulic fracturing fluids include proppants, radionuclide tracers, and other chemicals, many of which are toxic. [5] The type of chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing and their properties vary. While most of them are common and generally harmless, some chemicals are carcinogenic. [5]
In March 2015, Democrats in Congress reintroduced a series of regulations known as the "Frack Pack". These regulations were imposed on the domestic petroleum industry. The package would regulate hydraulic fracturing under the Safe Drinking Water Act and require chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing fluid to be disclosed to the public. It would ...
In the US, except for diesel-based additive fracturing fluids, noted by the American Environmental Protection Agency to have a higher proportion of volatile organic compounds and carcinogenic BTEX, use of fracturing fluids in hydraulic fracturing operations was explicitly excluded from regulation under the American Clean Water Act in 2005, a ...
In 2011, Wright founded Liberty Energy, the Denver-based oil and gas company that has worked primarily in hydraulic fracturing, the drilling technique known as fracking that blasts bedrock with ...
In fracking, slickwater is a hydraulic fracturing proppant primarily composed of 98–99.5% water and sand, with 0.5–2% chemical additives. These additives reduce friction, prevent corrosion, inhibit microbial growth, and improve fluid flow. Injected at high pressure, slickwater creates fractures in rock formations, enhancing oil or gas ...