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  2. Elementary charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_charge

    The elementary charge, usually denoted by e, is a fundamental physical constant, defined as the electric charge carried by a single proton (+ 1e) or, equivalently, the magnitude of the negative electric charge carried by a single electron, which has charge −1 e. [2] [a]

  3. Mass-to-charge ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass-to-charge_ratio

    When charged particles move in electric and magnetic fields the following two laws apply: Lorentz force law: = (+),; Newton's second law of motion: = =; where F is the force applied to the ion, m is the mass of the particle, a is the acceleration, Q is the electric charge, E is the electric field, and v × B is the cross product of the ion's velocity and the magnetic flux density.

  4. Proton - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton

    A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol p, H +, or 1 H + with a positive electric charge of +1 e (elementary charge).Its mass is slightly less than the mass of a neutron and approximately 1836 times the mass of an electron (the proton-to-electron mass ratio).

  5. Electric charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_charge

    Electric charge is a conserved property: the net charge of an isolated system, the quantity of positive charge minus the amount of negative charge, cannot change. Electric charge is carried by subatomic particles. In ordinary matter, negative charge is carried by electrons, and positive charge is carried by the protons in the nuclei of atoms ...

  6. Electron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron

    Within the limits of experimental accuracy, the electron charge is identical to the charge of a proton, but with the opposite sign. [83] The electron is commonly symbolized by e −, and the positron is symbolized by e +. [79] [80] The electron has an intrinsic angular momentum or spin of ⁠ ħ / 2 ⁠. [80]

  7. Charge number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_number

    In that case, the charge of an ion could be written as =. The charge number in chemistry normally relates to an electric charge. This is a property of specific subatomic atoms. These elements define the electromagnetic contact between the two elements. A chemical charge can be found by using the periodic table.

  8. Charge radius - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_radius

    The rms charge radius is a measure of the size of an atomic nucleus, particularly the proton distribution. The proton radius is about one femtometre = 10 −15 metre. It can be measured by the scattering of electrons by the nucleus. Relative changes in the mean squared nuclear charge distribution can be precisely measured with atomic spectroscopy.

  9. Electrical mobility - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_mobility

    Electrical mobility is the ability of charged particles (such as electrons or protons) to move through a medium in response to an electric field that is pulling them. The separation of ions according to their mobility in gas phase is called ion mobility spectrometry , in liquid phase it is called electrophoresis .