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The macrophage's main role is to phagocytize bacteria and damaged tissue, [64] and they also debride damaged tissue by releasing proteases. [69] Macrophages also secrete a number of factors such as growth factors and other cytokines, especially during the third and fourth post-wound days.
Micrograph of carbon-laden macrophages in the lung, H&E stain Micrograph of an alveolar macrophage in the lung tissue showing the nucleus and other organelles including the Golgi body and mitochondria. Alveolar macrophages are phagocytes that play a critical role in homeostasis, host defense, and tissue remodeling. [7]
Macrophages are diffusely scattered in the connective tissue and in liver (Kupffer cells), spleen and lymph nodes (sinus histiocytes), lungs (alveolar macrophages), and central nervous system (microglia). The half-life of blood monocytes is about 1 day, whereas the life span of tissue macrophages is several months or years.
Dermal macrophages belong to the mononuclear phagocyte system that serves a vital role in the innate immunity of the skin. [5] They are also a type of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that can mediate the infiltration of immune cells during an immune response , suggesting dermal macrophages' influence on both the innate and adaptive immune systems .
A macrophage's location can determine its size and appearance. Macrophages cause inflammation through the production of interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and TNF-alpha. [75] Macrophages are usually only found in tissue and are rarely seen in blood circulation. The life-span of tissue macrophages has been estimated to range from four to fifteen days ...
Macrophage polarization is a process by which macrophages adopt different functional programs in response to the signals from their microenvironment. This ability is connected to their multiple roles in the organism: they are powerful effector cells of the innate immune system, but also important in removal of cellular debris, embryonic development and tissue repair.
Activation of macrophage or B cell by T helper cell. The T helper cells (T h cells), also known as CD4 + cells or CD4-positive cells, are a type of T cell that play an important role in the adaptive immune system. They aid the activity of other immune cells by releasing cytokines.
Macrophages are specialized phagocytes that remove dying or dead cells or cellular debris. Within adipose tissue, presence of dead adipocytes is a hallmark of obesity. Macrophages surrounding dying or dead adipocytes form crown-like structures (CLSs), identified by the absence of perilipin staining. [15]
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