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The pH range is commonly given as zero to 14, but a pH value can be less than 0 for very concentrated strong acids or greater than 14 for very concentrated strong bases. [2] The pH scale is traceable to a set of standard solutions whose pH is established by international agreement. [3]
A universal indicator is a pH indicator made of a solution of several compounds that exhibit various smooth colour changes over a wide range pH values to indicate the acidity or alkalinity of solutions. A universal indicator can be in paper form or present in a form of a solution. [1]
Range of mouthwashes by Listerine. Mouthwash, mouth rinse, oral rinse, or mouth bath [1] is a liquid which is held in the mouth passively or swirled around the mouth by contraction of the perioral muscles and/or movement of the head, and may be gargled, where the head is tilted back and the liquid bubbled at the back of the mouth.
Dentyl pH was first launched in the UK in 1996, through Fresh Breath Limited, as part of a patients' programme that aimed to prevent or treat bad breath, plaque and gum disease. [6] In 2007, Dentyl pH released Icy-Fresh Mint and Icy-Fresh Cherry flavours to be sold alongside the original Smooth Mint flavoured mouthwash.
[16] [17] The normal pH range of saliva is between 6 and 7 and plaque biofilm is known to flourish in a pH between 6.7 and 8.3. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] This indicates that the natural environment of the mouth provided by saliva is ideal for the growth of bacteria in the dental plaque.
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Dissolved minerals then diffuse out of the tooth structure and into the saliva surrounding the tooth. The buffering capacity of saliva greatly impacts the pH of plaque surrounding the enamel, thereby inhibiting caries progression. Plaque thickness and the number of bacteria present determine the effectiveness of salivary buffers. [4]
The pH after the equivalence point depends on the concentration of the conjugate base of the weak acid and the strong base of the titrant. However, the base of the titrant is stronger than the conjugate base of the acid. Therefore, the pH in this region is controlled by the strong base. As such the pH can be found using the following: [1]