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The Byzantine lyra or lira (Greek: λύρα) was a medieval bowed string musical instrument in the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire.In its popular form, the lyra was a pear-shaped instrument with three to five strings, held upright and played by stopping the strings from the side with the fingertips and fingernails.
The earliest reference to the word "lyre" is the Mycenaean Greek ru-ra-ta-e, meaning "lyrists" and written in the Linear B script. [6] In classical Greek, the word "lyre" could either refer specifically to an amateur instrument, which is a smaller version of the professional cithara and eastern-Aegean barbiton, or "lyre" can refer generally to all three instruments as a family. [7]
The Jouhikko is also called jouhikannel (Finnish: [ˈjou̯hiˈkɑnːe̞l]) or jouhikantele (Finnish: [ˈjou̯hiˈkɑnt̪e̞le̞ʔ]), meaning a bowed [dubious – discuss] kantele. [2] In English, the usual modern designation is bowed lyre, although the earlier preferred term bowed harp [3] is also used. There are different names for the ...
For other instruments also sometimes called lyres but belonging to other organological families (Byzantine lyra, Pontic lyra, Constantinopolitan lyra, Cretan lyra, lira da braccio, Calabrian lira, lijerica, lyra viol, lirone etc), see Category:Bowed instruments.
See Rotte for the psaltery, or Rotta for the plucked lyre.. The crwth (/ k r uː θ / KROOTH, Welsh:), also called a crowd or rote or crotta, is a bowed lyre, a type of stringed instrument, associated particularly with Welsh music, now archaic but once widely played in Europe.
Bowed keyed fiddle: 321.322-71: Swedish Estonia: talharpa [135] Bowed lyre with no fingerboard 321.22-71: Switzerland: alphorn [136] [137] Long wooden conical trumpet, bent at the end, with turned boxwood mouthpieces, traditionally used by herdsmen 423.121.12 Trinidad and Tobago: steelpan [4] [138] [139]
The Cretan lyra is closely related to the bowed Byzantine lyra, the ancestor of many European bowed instruments. The 9th-century Persian geographer Ibn Khurradadhbih (d. 911), in his lexicographical discussion of instruments, cited the lyra as a typical instrument of the Byzantines along with the urghun ( organ ), shilyani (probably a type of ...
The earliest known Norse literary mentions of a harp or lyre date to the Eddic poem Völuspá, though not as a bowed instrument.There have been attempts to interpret as talharpa the iconography, that show Gunnar charming the snakes in the snake pit with a harpa-like instrument (also don't include a bow and instrument is in a very different shape) and a stone carving at the Trondheim Cathedral ...