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If, and only if, the machine eventually halts, then the number of 1s finally remaining on the tape is called the machine's score. The n -state busy beaver (BB- n ) game is therefore a contest, depending on definition to find such an n -state Turing machine having the largest possible score or running time.
A BSS machine M is given by a list of + instructions (to be described below), indexed ,, …,. A configuration of M is a tuple ( k , r , w , x ) {\displaystyle (k,r,w,x)} , where k {\displaystyle k} is the index of the instruction to be executed next, r {\displaystyle r} and w {\displaystyle w} are registers holding non-negative integers, and x ...
Pascal used weights and gravity in his machine. Another notable machine using similar method is the highly successful 19th century Comptometer, which replaced the weights with springs. Some innovative machines use continuous transmission: adding 1 to any digit, advances the next one by 1/10 (which in turn advances the next one by 1/100 and so on).
The Curta was conceived by Curt Herzstark in the 1930s in Vienna, Austria.By 1938, he had filed a key patent, covering his complemented stepped drum. [3] [4] This single drum replaced the multiple drums, typically around 10 or so, of contemporary calculators, and it enabled not only addition, but subtraction through nines complement math, essentially subtracting by adding.
The counter machine models go by a number of different names that may help to distinguish them by their peculiarities. In the following the instruction "JZDEC ( r )" is a compound instruction that tests to see if a register r is empty; if so then jump to instruction I z, else if not then DECrement the contents of r:
PARI/GP is a computer algebra system that facilitates number-theory computation. Besides support of factoring, algebraic number theory, and analysis of elliptic curves, it works with mathematical objects like matrices, polynomials, power series, algebraic numbers, and transcendental functions. [3]
Bi-quinary coded decimal-like abacus representing 1,352,964,708. An abacus (pl. abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a hand-operated calculating tool which was used from ancient times in the ancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, until the adoption of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. [1]
Lambda calculus is Turing complete, that is, it is a universal model of computation that can be used to simulate any Turing machine. [3] Its namesake, the Greek letter lambda (λ), is used in lambda expressions and lambda terms to denote binding a variable in a function.
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